Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that impacts more than 1 million individuals in North America alone. This disorder significantly affects the coordination of movement due to the crucial role of a neurotransmitter known as dopamine. Dopamine is produced in a specific area of the brain referred to as the substantia nigra, along with other regions responsible for motor control.

In the case of Parkinson’s, the neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorate or become damaged, resulting in diminished levels of dopamine and the motor challenges commonly associated with this condition. Despite ongoing research, the precise cause of this degeneration remains largely a mystery.

Recent scientific studies indicate that factors such as gut health and environmental influences may contribute to both the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Particularly noteworthy is the increasing interest in the use of probiotics as a potential therapeutic approach for managing this disorder.

Can Probiotics Alleviate Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by four primary symptoms:

• tremors affecting the hands, arms, jaw, head, or legs
• slowed movements
• muscle rigidity
• impaired balance and coordination

In addition to these, patients may experience other common issues such as constipation, urinary difficulties, challenges with swallowing or chewing, speech disorders, and skin-related problems (e.g., excessive sweating, dry or oily skin, and irritation).

The Connection Between Parkinson’s and the Gut Microbiome

Recent research indicates that the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may be linked to gut dysbiosis, which refers to an imbalance in gut bacteria, and dysfunction of the gut barrier that leads to inflammation.

Studies have revealed that individuals with PD often display intestinal inflammation akin to those suffering from other inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.

This inflammation could interfere with the communication pathway between the gut and the brain, known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Consequently, various complications may develop, including reduced production of important neurotransmitters (like dopamine), diminished gut motility and nutrient absorption, altered production of short-chain fatty acids, increased intestinal permeability, and a compromised immune system.

Moreover, this condition seems to promote the formation of Lewy bodies, which are characteristic markers of Parkinson’s disease.

However, further research is essential to fully understand these connections.

Exploring Probiotics in Parkinson’s Disease

Given the relationship between Parkinson’s disease symptoms and gut dysbiosis, researchers have begun investigating the potential of probiotics to diversify the gut microbiome and possibly alleviate or manage symptoms associated with PD.

Much of the existing research has focused on the impact of probiotics on constipation, an early and prevalent symptom of PD.

In a 2016 study involving 120 participants with PD, subjects were divided into a control group and an intervention group that consumed a fermented milk product containing multiple probiotic strains along with prebiotic fiber to encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria. After a four-week period, the intervention group demonstrated a significantly higher number of completed bowel movements compared to the control group.

Another study conducted in 2020 involved 72 PD patients who were randomized into an intervention group receiving multistrain probiotic capsules or a placebo that looked identical for four weeks. By the end of the study, those receiving the probiotic reported notably improved spontaneous bowel movements and enhanced stool consistency.

A separate study, funded by a company, also noted substantial improvements in bowel frequency and gut transit time following an eight-week course of a multistrain probiotic, while no enhancements were observed in the control group.

While the benefits of probiotics on constipation are becoming clearer, there have yet to be any human clinical trials examining the effects of probiotics on other PD symptoms.

Some animal studies, however, have indicated significant enhancements in motor functions and reduced damage to dopamine-producing neurons (suggesting a neuroprotective effect) after administering probiotic supplements for periods up to 24 weeks.

Though these findings are encouraging, it remains uncertain whether such outcomes can be replicated in humans, as there are notable differences in microbiomes, metabolisms, and genetic makeup between humans and mice.

Fortunately, the growing interest and innovation in research surrounding probiotics and Parkinson’s disease imply that the scientific understanding of this topic is poised to advance in the coming years.

Should You Consider Probiotics for Parkinson’s Disease?

Research surrounding the use of probiotics in the context of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is still evolving, but preliminary findings suggest that probiotics may offer benefits for some individuals. For those dealing with constipation associated with PD, a probiotic supplement could potentially provide relief; however, the most effective formulations have yet to be identified.

Currently, there is insufficient evidence to make specific recommendations regarding the use of probiotics for PD. Scientists are only beginning to delve into the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and probiotics and their implications for managing PD symptoms. Therefore, it is premature to endorse probiotics as a definitive treatment option.

If you're considering incorporating probiotics into your regimen to help manage some of your PD symptoms, it is advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance.

Given that research is still in its infancy, making definitive recommendations about probiotics for the management or treatment of PD symptoms is not feasible at this time.

Potential Risks of Probiotics for Parkinson’s Disease

While probiotics are largely regarded as safe for most individuals, there are certain concerns regarding their use in individuals diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Firstly, specific strains of Enterococcus, which are present in various probiotic supplements, may interfere with the efficacy of levodopa, a crucial medication that acts as a dopamine substitute for managing PD symptoms. However, further research is necessary to clarify this issue for patients with PD.

Moreover, taking probiotics could potentially worsen the condition of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), a common occurrence among those suffering from Parkinson’s disease. It remains unclear which specific probiotic strains might be most beneficial for alleviating PD-related symptoms, or whether these strains are more effective when combined or taken individually.

To determine the most appropriate approach, a personalized evaluation of the microbiome may be essential. Notably, none of the clinical trials conducted on probiotic supplementation in individuals with Parkinson’s disease have reported any serious side effects. Nevertheless, it is advisable to consult your healthcare provider prior to initiating any probiotic regimen to ensure it aligns with your health needs.

Is Self-Treatment for Parkinson’s Recommended?

Self-treatment for Parkinson’s disease is not advised. It is crucial to collaborate closely with healthcare professionals who can guide you in crafting an appropriate treatment plan tailored to your specific symptoms and disease progression. This may include options such as medication, physical therapy, or other therapeutic interventions. You can also adopt various lifestyle changes to help manage your symptoms effectively. Engaging in regular physical activity, following a minimally processed diet, ensuring adequate sleep, quitting smoking, and managing stress are all beneficial strategies to consider.

Conclusion

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that impacts the lives of millions around the globe. Although the exact cause remains elusive, recent studies have begun to establish a connection between the gut microbiome and PD. Specifically, it appears that inflammation in the gut and an imbalance of gut bacteria may exacerbate the symptoms associated with PD.

Consequently, researchers are exploring the potential of probiotics as a therapeutic approach for managing PD. Preliminary data suggests that probiotics may alleviate constipation related to PD, yet it is premature to draw definitive conclusions at this stage.

As ongoing research and advancements unfold in the coming years, we will gain more insight into whether probiotics can effectively prevent or treat PD. In the meantime, it is advisable to collaborate closely with your healthcare provider to ensure you are receiving appropriate care.